CHAPTER
II
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
In
this chapter, this study will discuss about literature review that consists of
three undergraduate theses that become reference in this study than it also
tell about the concepts of this study. There are three concepts they are: the
concept of literature, concept of poem, and the concept of poetry. The
last subject discussed in this chapter is theoretical framework.
2.1
Review of Literature
There are three
undergraduate theses that reviewed in this section. The first undergraduate thesis is
written by Sri Imawati (2011) entitled “Symbols of Life
Used by Robert Frost in His Poems”. The problem that is discussed in this thesis is the symbols of life in Robert
Frost’s poem. The method that is used in
analyzing the data is literature criticism by using symbolism approach. Based on analysis of the the poem, the result shows that there are three kind of
symbols, they are archetype (universal), conventional, and personal symbol. This undergraduate thesis focuses on analyzing the context of life symbol in its
poem.
The second undergraduate thesis
is written by Fizah Rotin
Jannah (2012)
entitled “Symbolism in Charles Dicken’s Great
Expectation”. The problem of the thesis is discussed in is the symbols in Charles Dicken’s poem
which is Great Expectation. The
method that is used in analyzing the data is literature criticism by using
symbolism theory. Based on analysis of
the the
poem, the result shows that there are three
kind of symbols, they are private, universal, and conventional symbol.
The third undergraduate thesis is
written by Laily Maghfuroh (2015)
entitled “Sign of Love in
Robert Frost Poem”. The problem that is discussed in this thesis is the sign and symbol of love in
Robert Frost’s poem. The method that is
used in analyzing the data is literature criticism by using theory of riffaterre
(semiotic poetry). Based on analysis of
the the
poem, the result shows that there are some
signs and symbols of love in Robert Frost’s poem.
2.2 Concept
This concept in this study is the
general idea about the definition of the title of this study. Concept in this
study divided into three concepts they are: the concept of literature, concept of
poem, and the concept of poetry.
2.2.1 Literature
Literature is concerned with all aspect of
human life and the universe in their entirety, surely every work of literatures
is about something, and the more of a person reads, the better stocked will his
mind be with knowledge. Literature is a feature of any human culture at any time. Literature in
that sense is now coming to an end, as new media gradually replace the printed
book (Miller, 2002: 2). Besides that, Wellek and Warren (1959: 21) said that
one way is to define literature as everything in print. Another way of defining
literature is to limit it to great books, books which, whatever their subject,
are notable for literary expression.
Literature is generally divided into
tree groups, respectively prose, drama, and poetry.
Prose uses language not in verse form, e.g, novels,
short stories, novellas, etc. Drama is play
with its act(s) and its scenes in dialogues,
conversations, comedies, tragedies, tragic-comedies, etc. Poetry is the art of poets; poems, in verse form, e.g. ballads, epics,
lyrical poetry, etc.
2.2.2 Poem
A poem has deep
meanings in every words, it depends how a poet tries to explain many things in
life into a poem. People try to analyze poem because in a poem contains many
specific elements and how these specific elements relate to daily life. A theme
is the top point in a poem, because a poet makes a poem based on specific theme
and a reader tries to understand and analyze the poem to get the whole point of
the poem. Once a poem is understood at its firsthand, a reader can try to
define it.
Samuel Johnson
(1984: 5) describes that “the poem as spontaneous expression of feelings, which
full of power and based on emotion get together in peace”. From the explanation
above, the writer can say that a poem is an expressing deep feeling which is
full of power and based on emotion that the writer has experienced. Yet, the
power embedded inside the poem is not easily being understood by reading it at
once.
How beautiful a
poem is, if only we can understand inside the use of imageries in beauty of the
poem itself. Therefore, all the components of a poem can make special enjoyment
for the readers itself. Then they can judge, whether the poem is beautiful,
amusing, interesting, full of hatred or emotion or full of pleasure.
2.2.3
Poetry
There are many
definition of poetry coming from the poets and critics so it is almost
impossible to define poetry. The words of poetry derived from the Greek word, Poiein.
Poiein means that it to make or to construct. According to S. T Coleridge,
a well-known writer, poetry is the product of the poet’s imagination and the
best words in the best order. Ralp Waldo Emerson says that poetry is the
perpetual endeavor to express the spirit of thing, to pass the brute body and
search the life and reason which cause it to be exist. For it isn’t meter, but
a meter making argument (idea) that, make a poem. Edgar Allan Poe says that the
poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty. It is sole arbiter is with
intellectual or with the conscious it has only collateral relation. Wordsworth
in Peck and Loyle (1984: 11) states that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feeling, expression of emotion, and it is always concerned with
ordinary human concerns, with the daily matters of one’s life. It may say that
poetry is words which are arranged in a regular pattern of rhymed and accented
lines or the art of writing of literary words in metrical form. But poem is a
meditation or reflection upon life and also argument about something
(Marsitowarni; 2003).
Poetry may be a matter of grace and
beauty, but it may also represent sheer impractical fancy. The association of
the word with beauty and with imagination instead of actuality is supported by
the meaning usually provided by the dictionary, which stresses poetry’s being
beautiful and capable of arousing an imaginative emotional response. (Danzinger
&Johnson, 1968: 13)
According to Hornby (2002) Poetry is
a collection of poems; poems in general. It is literature in its most intense,
most imaginative, and most rhythmic forms. Basically, poetry is written in
lines of arbitrary length instead of in paragraph. In general, poetry’s
richness in imagery, particularly in metaphor, results in a far greater
concentration of meaning (Morner, 1991: 169).
According to Holman (1960) in his book
“A Handbook to Literature”, Poetry is a term applied to the many forms in which
man has given a rhythmic expression to his most imaginative and intense
perception of his own world and the relationship of the two. Only through and
examination of its significance can a definition be made about poetry. Poetry
is written in many languages but the language of poetry is quite different from
the language of science, journalism or history and language of philosophy.
There are some qualities of poetry’s language in terms of diction, imagery and
figurative language.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.3.1
Sociology Literary Criticism
Sociological
literary criticism is the type of literary criticism which is defined as
criticism that focuses on the social context that the literature is created in. Sociological Criticism
is literary criticism
directed to understanding literature in its larger social context. Sociological criticism
analyzes both how the social functions in literature and how literature works
in society. This form of literary criticism was introduced by Kenneth Burke,
a 20th-century literary and critical theorist, whose article "Literature
As Equipment for Living" outlines the specification and significance of
such a critique.
Sociological Criticism is
influenced by New Criticism, however it adds a sociological
element as found with critical theory (Frankfurt
School), and considers art as a manifestation of society, one that
contains metaphors and references directly applicable to the existing society at
the time of its creation.
2.3.2 Semiotics
Semiotics is the study of signs
and symbols and of their meaning and use (Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, 2007). Semiotics as the science of signs in society. The study
of social semiotics offers the promise of a systematic, comprehensive, and
coherent study of communication phenomena as a whole, not just as instances of
it (Saussure, 1983). But, according
to Pierce (in Barthes, 1983) semiotic is an account of signification,
representation, reference, and meaning.
Semiology is study about sign. Semiology
therefore aims to take in any
system of signs, whatever their substance and limits; images, gestures,
musical sounds, objects, and the complex associations of all these (Barthes,
1983: 9).
2.3.3 Sign
According to Oxford Dictionary, sign is an object, quality,
or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or
occurrence of something else. Then, Saussure (1983:67) defines a sign in terms of signifier and signified.
But according to Pierce (in Endraswara, 2003: 65) there are three types of sign based on the
relationship between the sign and signifier. They are icon, symbol, and index. Thus,
Pierce does not focus on just material or concrete signs, but any kind of sign.
2.3.3 Symbol
Symbol/symbolic is a mode in
which the signifier does not resemble the signified but which is fundamentally
arbitrary or purely conventional so that the relationship must be learnt. Symbol is assigned arbitrarily or is
accepted as societal convention. (Pierce, 1931: 58) Folley (1997:112)
defines symbol as a sign in which the relationship between its form and meaning
is strictly conventional, neither due to physical similarity or contextual
constraints.
Etimologically, a symbol is
“something thrown together”. The ultimate source is Greek, sumballein,
it formed from the prefix sum-“together” and the suffix ballein “throw”. So
symbol is something thrown together (Ayto:1990). The notion of ‘throwing or
putting things together’ led on to the notion of ‘contrast’ and so sumballein
came to be used for ‘compare’. it was derived from sumbolon, which denoted
an ‘indentifying token’—because such tokens were compared with a counterpart to
make sure that were genuine — and hence an ‘outward sign’ of something”. (Ayto,
Dictionary of word origins. Arcade,1990).
The word symbol who is derived
from the Greek word symbolon in ancient Greece it was a custom to break a slate
of burned clay into several pieces and give each individual in a group one
piece as a mark of identification. When, at a later date, they met and fitted
the pieces together (Greek symbollein) it confirmed that the persons were the
same ones, or representatives of those, who had received the pieces of clay in
the first place.
The use of the word symbol was
widened to include the engraved shells that were employed by those initiated in
the mysteries, both as marks of identification and as essential components in
ritual gatherings. It was only a short step away to the word’s eventual
meaning, in which an object, either through a visual similarity or a common
agreement between those using it, represented something other than itself.
For example, Angel is a symbol of
Hope, goodness, purity, protection, comfort and consolation. They also
represent the spiritual nature of the being. A word, a phrase, or an image used
with some kind of special reference (which is what a symbol is usually taken to
mean) are all symbols when they are distinguishable elements in critical
analysis. From the word symbol came the concept of symbolism where one object
is used to refer to something else. Even the letters a writer spells his words
with form part of his symbolism in this sense: they would be isolated only in special
cases, such as alliteration or dialect spellings, but we are still aware that
they symbolize sounds. Criticism as a whole, in terms of this definition, would
begin with, and largely consist of, the systematizing of literary symbolism. It
follows that other words must be used to classify the different types of
symbolism.
Symbolism is used in literature to
give to the literary work meaning that goes beyond what is evident to the
reader. Symbolism helps in giving the piece of writing feeling and mood without
the writer having to actually spell out the same. By giving certain things
human like characteristics and also defining them with certain qualities, the
writer can manage to give the novel another level that may refer to things that
are completely alien from what is mentioned in the piece of writing. A symbol,
in a broadest use of term, is anything which signifies something else; in this
sense, all words are symbols. As commonly used in criticism, however, “symbol’
is applied only to a word or phrase signifying an object which itself has significance;
that is, the object referred to has a range of meaning beyond itself. Some
symbols are conventional and public, Klarer (1976:140) says a symbol is a thing
that suggest more than its literal meaning in a literary text. He divides
symbol into two kinds; they are conventional and private symbol.
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